The Reading Land Of Open Graves By De Leon Essay - 1906 Words

In the reading land of open graves by De Leon, discusses the dangers that millions of Mexican and central Americans face when trying to get into the United States undocumented. These people include people who have the dream of living in America and creating a new life where they can support their families. Also for those who have been deported back to Mexico being separated from their families and are in hopes of being reunited with their loved ones. These people face a hard battle ahead of them because they have to travel through the Sonoran desert of Arizona that is one of the largest deserts in North America. And have to deal with not only fighting the harsh desert elements, while only caring as many supplies as they can. They also have to deal with the structural violence that goes under looked that thousands of Mexicans have to face while migrating to the United States. De Leon’s purpose of this book is to enhance our understanding of the process of undocumented desert mi gration. Intending to challenge preconceived notions about what a holistic anthropology can look like and how it can be deployed in a politically hostile terrain. He does this by showing how productive it can be to sneak back and forth across the border between â€Å"accepted† discourse and excluded discourse in the name of generating new knowledge and new forms of cultural understanding. He goes over almost every aspect about how hard it is for the millions of Mexicans attempting to cross undocumented.Show MoreRelatedThe Land Of Open Graves : Living And Dying On The Migrant Trail1813 Words   |  8 Pagestrace your lineage to claim the right to live in this country? Author Jason De Leon aims to answer questions like this in his book, The Land of Open Graves: Living and Dying on the Migrant Trail . De Leon, an anthropologist and expert in the field, took it upon himself to study the paths of immigrants coming into America through the Sonoran desert region in southern Arizo na over the course of the last decade. De Leon walks in the footsteps of the disenfranchised fleeing their country from theRead MoreEssay on The American Christian Holocausts5005 Words   |  21 PagesPeoples). Hitler himself often expressed his admiration for the expediency in which the American Christians removed the Native Americans and gave them mass graves like the one in Wounded Knee, South Dakota. Have you ever heard the words American Holocaust(s) before? As I read about history I was drawn to the Indian Wars. One day I began reading Dee Browns book Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. I was shocked by what I read. I had never been taught these things, yet this history seemed so importantRead MoreIntroduction to Rizal Course11998 Words   |  48 PagesCirila Alejandrino, serving as Riza’s grandfather. Juan and Cirila had 14 children, one of whom was Francisco Mercado, Rizal’s father who married Teodora Alonzo. Rizal’s father was an erudite man. He took courses in Latin and Philosophy at Colegio de San Jose in Manila. For Rizal, his father was a model father because of his honesty, industry and prudence. Rizal inherited from his father self – respect, sere nity and poise, seriousness and a deep sense of dignity. On the other hand, from his motherRead MoreSwami Vivekananda14669 Words   |  59 Pages6 Death | | | 2 Principles and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda | | 3 Works of Swami Vivekananda | | 4 Interaction with contemporary giants | | 5 Quotes of Swami Vivekananda | | 6 Trivia avout Swami Vivekananda | | 7 Recommended Reading | | Biography of Swami Vivekananda Birth and Early life Narendranath Dutta was born in Shimla Pally, Kolkata, West Bengal, India on 12 January 1863 as the son of Viswanath Dutta and Bhuvaneswari Devi. Even as he was young, he showed a precociousRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages................................................................... 517 Good Evidence ............................................................................................................................... 518 A Cautious Approach with an Open Mind ................................................................................ 519 Discovering Causes, Creating Explanations, and Solving Problems...................................... 521 Confirming by Testing ...........................Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesselect their eText by title or author and purchase immediate access to the content for the duration of the course using any major credit card. With CourseSmart eText, students can search for specific keywords or page numbers, make notes online, print reading assignments that incorporate lecture notes, and bookmark important passages for later review. For more information, or to purchase a CourseSmart eTextbook, visit www.coursesmart.com. Pearson’s Self-Assessment Library (S.A.L.) A hallmark of the

Essay The History of the Sport of Swimming - 726 Words

Swimming by definition is â€Å"to move along in water by means of movements of the body or parts of the body, especially the arms and legs, or (in the case of fish) tail and fins† (Swimming). The sport of swimming has a long history, from the beginning with the Egyptians and Hittites, through the competitive athletes of this century. While the history of competitive swimming is more in depth and has more information about it, the ancient history has a more solid background (MLA 7th Edition). In Egyptian history, swimming was used for combat and a way to escape from the enemy. Ramesses the Second and his troops escaped from the Hittites in the Battle of Kadesh. This story is also shown on hieroglyphics, which also provides evidence of early†¦show more content†¦When swimming reached the age-group level through Amateur Athletic Union (AAU), swim clubs started to grow and through this growth the four individual strokes grew to become the â€Å"competitive† stroke s. These strokes are front crawl or freestyle, back crawl or backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly. However, these are not the only events that athletes are able to swim at meets. Athletes are able to swim the individual medley, medley relays and freestyle relays. These events have a certain length, which can vary from a 50-meter sprint to the mile freestyle. The Olympic pools or long- course pools are 50 meters and a short-course pool is 25 meters or yards. (MLA 7th Edition) There are different training approaches to each of these strokes. For a sprinter a coach wants to make sure that they build up the athlete’s endurance for a quick, fast race. A long distance swimmer needs the endurance to power through a long event and make sure that they have enough energy left for them to sprint the last 100 to 50 meters. While training, a swimmer has to focus on a wide range of techniques; the arm stroke; the kick; the timing and coordination of their body movements; the breathing rh ythm; and their body position in the water. Learning each one of these techniques requires practice and precision (MLA 7th Edition). During a swim race, there are three distinct components: the start, the turn, and the overall swim. Each has a distinct technique and a slightShow MoreRelatedSwimming Events Within The World1108 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Today, swimming is very much an enjoyable activity as a form of recreation, exercise, or physical therapy, as well as a disciplined competitive sport. Early Swimming: In the olden days, swimming was basically an exercise, seen as a life skill, and therefore, people would commence controlled coaching. However, swimming races took place in Japan as early because the 1st century BC, and swimming was a mandatory part of the college curriculum in Imperial Japan (Britannica, 2005).Also,Read MoreMichael Phelps1153 Words   |  5 PagesPhelps is a name that will always be associated with the word swimming. He made the sport well-known by his eight medal wins at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, and is the most decorated Olympian in the world. He had been swimming since he was seven years old, and competed at only fifteen years old in his first Olympic Games. Michael Phelps has affected the world for good by bringing honor to the United States, elevating the sport of swimming, and proving there are no limits. Michael Phelps had broughtRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Baltimore Bullet Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagessurpassed. Showing dominance extending from the beginning of his career to the very end, he is the greatest athlete that the swimming world, and perhaps even the entire world of sports has ever seen. Phelps’s unprecedented level of achievement not even rivaled by Leonidas of Rhodes in the Olympics and records in the sport of swimming have created history, his passion for the sport has contributed back to the community, while his struggles have shown society that problems can be overcome in order to allowRead MoreSwimming Is The Best Physical Activity1659 Words   |  7 Pages Swimming Colby Homan December 22, 2015 Mr. Brinkman English 9 Did you know 65 percent of people in the United States do not know how to swim? If you think about it, swimming is a great way to keep in shape. There are very few injuries in swimming and it keeps you healthy. When you swim you are expanding your lung capacity, using most of your body, and strengthening your muscles. Swimming is the best physical activity for you and your body. I hope you learn something aboutRead MoreThe Importance of Technology in Sports727 Words   |  3 Pageshuge thing within sport, it varies from mobile phones, televisions, sport equipments and more, there is no doubt that the importance of the use of technologies has increased over the years, and since then, sports have become a globally activity, so are the decision that can change the result of an event. With the implementation of technology, correct decisions have been made, giving to the right team the winner place. The use of technology has its pros and cons but almost every sport now days is supportedR ead MoreEssay on Gender Barriers in Athletics1138 Words   |  5 Pagesfemale) entering a non-traditional sport for their gender/sex (eg women who enter body building, power lifting, boxing; men who enter synchronized swimming or field hockey)? Throughout history it is clear that not only women, but both genders have faced seemingly insurmountable barriers when attempting to break into a sport that is not proper or stereotypical for their gender to participate in. Though as a society we are making strides towards equality in sport, such as the advent of Title IX,Read MoreHow Do Weather Patterns Affect Seasonal Sports? Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal perspective: How does the changing weather patterns affect sports: football in america is under some heavy restraints at the moment, the culprit being: climate change, climate change has increased the average temperatures in the last 50 years by 2 degrees fahrenheit, although this might not seem like much it is predicted that the average temperature is going to rise faster because of the thickness of the atmosphere only getting worse, USA is affected more by climate change because of itsRead MoreHistory of Swimming875 Words   |  4 PagesSwimming was invented before recorded history. Humans discovered how to swim by accident. A person probably fell into the water and struggled to shore using a dog-paddle stroke. There was an Egyptian hieroglyph for swimming dating from 2500 BC. The ancient Greeks and Romans made swimming an important part of their military training programs. There have been known swimming contests that were organized in Japan as early as the 1st century BC. During the Middle Ages in EuropeRead MoreHistory of the Ymca Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesregardless of gender, income, faith, sexual orientation, or cultural background, has the opportunity to live life to its fullest. They share the values of caring, honesty, respect, and responsibility. In this paper you will learn a lot about the YMCA’s history, its founder, and some of the activities. George Williams founded the YMCA in 1844. In 1844 twenty-two-year-old George Williams joined 11 friends to organize the first Young Men’s Association (YMCA), a refuge of Bible study and prayer for young menRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )959 Words   |  4 Pagesisn’t the only treatment for this disorder. There are many natural treatments such as playing in sports. This disorder not only affects the person, but everyone around the person. Many people are diagnosed at a young age, so family is very helpful when working to find a treatment. The following are some details about ADHD. ADHD is a neurobehavioral disorder and has had many different names throughout history (Shea 7). This disease isn’t unique to the United States it can be found in every country in

Visit to Museum free essay sample

Also, it shows that the lady plays a motherly role, holding a basket, such as fetching water for cooking, washing the clothes for her children and her beloved husband. This photograph may tell us that women are determined, caring and independent and they will go an extra mile of protecting their children and their husband if they experience any chaotic situations in their family. The Native American Indian Photograph was taken to show that they were living in America; this was the territory of the Native American Indians and was annexed by the English. The picture of the Native American Lady could reveal that the Lady played an important role in the fight with the English protecting their land. The picture portrays boldness and power looking at the posture of the Lady. It tells us that the Lady loves what she does and also shows how determined and hard working she is, being a mother in the family. We will write a custom essay sample on Visit to Museum or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The artwork reminds me of a US History class I took in my old university, Oklahoma Christian University. The professor lectured his students including me about how Native Indian women were catering for the family but they were other specific women who went to wars and battle with others against enemies to protect their land which I believe that this woman in the artwork played that role. This artwork makes people question the artwork itself, why this Lady carrying a basket on her head. The elements of the basket and the wearing of the cloth show that the photographer is an outsider and this shows how the artist was charmed by the lady’s beauty and wants to portray the powerful role of women and how the Native Americans lived in the past. In conclusion the artwork reveals the artistic beauty of the past although there was a lot of manual work when relating to our real world, which is more about education. The black and white atmosphere shows that the camera they used since the photo was taken in 1907. The artwork is balanced and this shows how beautiful women are. Also this could tell us that the lady stands out more than other ladies meaning she could be a royal in her land but at the same time she is beautiful and respected in her land and plays a good role in leading her people.

Critically Evaluate Reasons for Labour Turnover

Question: Critically evaluate possible reasons for Labour Turnover together with the adavantgaes and disadvantages of Labour Turnover. Provide recommendations to retain key talent within an organization with the application of relevant motivation theories. Answer: Introduction Main purpose of this essay is to develop understanding about concept of labour turnover in human resource management and its impact on organization growth. For this purpose, it critically evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of labour turnover. This essay has a large scope for readers, students and future corporate professionals. The essay is effective to improve theoretical understanding of students and readers about practical aspects of business. For example, labour turnover is the main topic of essay, which is a practical human resource problem faced by organizations. This essay critically evaluates the reasons of labour turnover problem in an organization. The understanding of reasons behind labour turnover will help students in their future career path. Students would be able to use their theoretical understanding about reasons of labour turnover situation in company. Along with this, the essay focuses on providing different recommendations for resolving the selected problem. For this purpose, different theories of motivation have been selected in essay for review. This review and analysis would help to know importance of motivation in satisfaction of employees with their job and organization. It would also facilitate theoretical knowledge among students about how the motivation of employees can be enhanced. Critical Analysis: Critically evaluate reasons for labour turnover. Job dissatisfaction is a major cause of labor turnover problem in companies. Job dissatisfaction is the unfavorable emotional reaction of the labor towards their particular job. It is stated that if an employee gets low actual outputs as compared to their expected desires then, they leave the job due to the unsatisfied job. Moreover, lack of pay packages, incentives, recognition and fringe benefits, lack of career opportunities and ineffective working conditions affect the job satisfaction of the employees (Khan and Aleem, 2014). As a result, employees leave the job from the organization. It is very difficult for organizations to identify exact expectations of employees. Along with this, it is also difficult to meet every expectation and desire of man-power. Organizations also focus on fulfilling monetary needs of its employees. But, if they fail to recognize and fulfill non-monetary needs of their staff, they are likely to face labor turnover problems. Lack of organizational commitment is another reason of labor turnover, because the organization does not involve their employees in the organizational activities and decision making. Moreover, it does not recognize their employees within the organization. Further, the organization provides negative feedback to their employees. In such cases, employees leave their job due to getting the unfavorable comment, lack of involvement and participation within the organization (Mowday, et al., 2013). Additionally, rude behavior, back-biting, assigning blame and retaliation have an adverse impact on labor turnover. But at the same time, if organization fails to give appropriate feedback to employees according to their performance, it may face reduction in staff productivity. For this reason, the negative feedback is also very important. But the way of communication of performance issues can be improved by organizations for addressing labor turnover issues. Inappropriate employee recruitment is also a major cause of labor turnover. For example, sometimes, organization hire those employees who are not eligible for this job hence, they unable to adjust to the culture and also unable to meet the goals of the organization (Powell, 2012). As a result, they will leave the job due to lack of understanding about the organization. It is mandatory for organizations to strictly follow the recruitment process and to ignore referral based selection of staff. Such types of recruitments also lead to hiring of wrong candidate. Lack of training is another reason for labor turnover. It is explained that if a manager does not provide proper training to its employees then, they will unable to perform work efficiently. They get disinterested due to lack of knowledge about work (Khan and Aleem, 2014). In such case, they leave the job from the organization. Such types of problems are not only responsible for employee turnover, but it can also lead to accidental incidents at workplace. Another reason for labor turnover is organizational instability. Some organizations constantly focus on reorganizing, changing directions and re-shuffling of employees. In this case, staff gets disconnected from the main purpose of organization. Further, they dont understand that what is going on and what is the main concern of the organization (AlBattat and Som, 2013). As a result, it will lead to confusion and increase inefficiency among the labor. Due to instability of organization, the expertise of employees in doing certain job also gets weakened. This makes the employees to think to change company. The poor working condition also leads to labor turnover. It is stated that unsafe and hazardous working conditions negatively affect to employee performance and motivation. It discourages the employees towards their work within the organization (McQuerrey, 2012). Consequently, they will leave the job from this organization. On the other hand, if organization provides safe and healthy working conditions, it will enhance health and productivity of employees. The inappropriate relationship between the managers and employees is also a cause of labor turnover. It can be said that lack of coordination among the managers and employees declines the creativity and performance of employees (Powell, 2012). In addition to this, lack of coordination and support leads to limiting of ability and skills of staff. Hence, it creates dissatisfaction among the workers and they leave from the job. Apart from these, lack of growth opportunity in organization is also a major cause behind employees tendency to leave their job. It is because, employees look for a job and organization, where there is security of their job and appropriate growth opportunity. In absence of this factor, employees start to look for bigger organization, where they can grow with time. In this context, companies should facilitate proper hierarchy of job position and pay hike system associated with performance of employees and time factor (McQuerrey, 2012). This can contribute to reduction in labor turnover problems. But, for small organizations, this can be a challenging factor, as there is limited scope for creation of high profile positions. In such organizations, it can become difficult to retain skilled and experienced employees. Identify the advantages and the disadvantages of labour turnover One of the basic advantages of labor turnover is reduction in manpower costs. If an employee stays with the organization for a longer period of time, then the organizations has to pay that employee more than the other employees performing the same task but are new to organization (Davidson et al., 2010). This leads to excessive manpower cost to organization, which hampers the profitability of organization. Moreover, Labour turnover sometimes brings new ideas to organization, as it open gates for new talent possessing fresh and innovative ideas, which helps the organization to grow. Employee attrition provides space for risk taking calibre in the organization (Snell and Bohlander, 2010). On contrary to this, due to employee turnover, the performance of organization decreases. If an employee leaves the organization suddenly, then the organization faces various difficulties like very less or no time to train new employee, who is going to take over the job. This hampers the productivity of organization as all team members got affected. In addition to this, Labour turnover also affects customer relationship with the organization (Wu, 2012). Usually customer connects themselves with the employees and if those employees leave the organization, then it creates a doubt in the mind of customers about product quality. The other advantage of labor turnover is that it gives birth to higher performance of organization, because employees who are working from years used to start working at slow pace and this leads to slow growth and poor performance in the organization. On the other hand, new employees come with fresh talent. They work with greater enthusiasm and at a faster pace, which leads to satisfied client to organization and reduction in cost (Kucherov and Zavyalova, 2012). In addition to this, employees who are working from a long time generally started working against the organization from inside. When these employees leave organization, they do not cause any loss to organization. Other disadvantage of labor turnover is that it leads to increase in cost because of hiring of new employee. High attrition rate will lead to negative brand image of the organization. Labour turnover negatively impact employee development programs of organization (Gerhart and Fang 2014). These plans involve a huge cost and time. When an employee leaves the organization, the investment done by organization in his development got wasted. Sudden attrition also leads to interruption in daily task management. Conclusions and recommendations The satisfaction of employees needs and expectations is one of the ways to overcome labour turnover problem. As per Maslow theory of motivation, there are five types of needs that are necessary for every organization to fulfil such as physiological needs, Safety needs, love/ belongingness need, Self Esteem and the self-actualisation need (Fleetwood and Hesketh, 2010). The employees feel motivated to do work, when these needs are fulfilled. Successful fulfilment of needs will help in reduction of labour turnover issues (Stredwick, 2013). Managers of an organization can design compensation and benefit programs according to need hierarchy provided by this theory. To reduce the labour turnover, an organisation should make efforts for motivating the employees for good performance. Its the first step in an organization to motivate the employees and it should take concern of the individual needs of employees. Employees should be rewarded for their good performance at their job (Briscoe, Schuler and Tarique, 2012). The salary expectation should be fulfilled by organization. Safe working environment should be there for the employees. If an organisation fulfils the employees desires like salary structure, employee family benefits like trip for family etc, it will be effective to meet satisfaction of staff. Similar to this, timely promotion of the employee is also important enhance employee satisfaction and to overcome labour turnover issues in business (Kramar and Syed, 2012). At the same time, if management fails to meet these needs, it will face negative results in the form of lack of creativity at work, low morale, low job satisfaction and labour turnover issues. Mac Gregor theory X and Y is helpful to understand the nature of employees. Theory X provides that employees are lazy for the work and are irresponsible for the work. They are less ambitious. They are forced to do the work. They do not work willingly. They avoid the responsibilities. On the other hand, Theory Y believes that employees are not lazy to do the work. They enjoy doing the work (Machado and Davim, 2013). They accept the responsibility with an interest. They target their work. They are very creative and give innovative ideas for the beneficial of an organisation. They take their own decisions. Employees are self-motivated. Organization faces both the aspects of employees, provided by Theory X and Theory Y. The employees that come under Theory Y are already satisfied with their job and role. To improve theory X types of employees, motivation is necessary. Motivation is necessary to reduce the labour turnover from the organisations. As theory X types of employees should be motivated for their work this helps the employees to perform well in the organisations. This helps in doing the work with interest (Mathis et al., 2016). Getting rewards for their performance in the work will motivate them. If, they do not work properly they should be punished and with this fear of punishment, they can do the work properly. Herzbergs two-factor theory of motivation is also very important to find out ways to overcome labour turnover problem. As per this theory, it is necessary for organizations to effectively implement both hygiene factors and motivational factors. Companys failure to design hygiene factors in right manner can lead to dissatisfaction among employees. This invites the problem of labour turnover (Malik and Naeem, 2013). Example of hygiene involves pay, company policies and procedures, fringe benefits, working environment, status in organization, interpersonal relations, and job security. On the other hand, there are certain factors, the absence of which does not result into employee dissatisfaction. But involvement of these factors can stimulate motivation and performance of employees on job. Examples of these factors involve recognition, sense of achievement, growth and promotional opportunities, responsibility, and meaningfulness of work. But, most of times an employee that is satisfied with his job leaves the organization due to absence of motivational factors (Lee et al., 2014). It is true that investment in motivational factors can enhance business cost of organization, but it would offer long term benefits in business. References Ahmad Rasmi Suleiman, AlBattat. and Ahmad Puad Mat, Som. Employee dissatisfaction and turnover crises in the Malaysian hospitality industry,International Journal of Business and Management,8(5), 2013, pp. 62. Alamdar Hussain, Khan. and Muhammad, Aleem. Impact of job satisfaction on employee turnover: An empirical study of Autonomous Medical Institutions of Pakistan, Journal of International Studies,7(1), 2014, pp. 122-132. Barry, Gerhart. and Meiyu, Fang. Pay for (individual) performance: Issues, claims, evidence and the role of sorting effects, Human Resource Management Review, 24(1), 2014, pp. 41-52. Briscoe, D., Schuler, R. and Tarique, I. (2012) International Human Resource Management: Policies and Practices for Multinational Enterprises. 4thedn.UK: Publisher Taylor Francis. D, Kucherov. and E, Zavyalova. HRD practices and talent management in the companies with the employer brand, European Journal of Training and Development, 36(1), 2012, pp. 86-104. Dong-Jin, Lee., Stefan, Kruger., Mee-Jin, Whang., Muzaffer, Uysal. and M. Joseph, Sirgy. Validating a customer well-being index related to natural wildlife tourism, Tourism Management, 45, 2014, pp. 171-180. Fleetwood,S and Hesketh, A. (2010) Explaining the Performance of Human Resource Management. UK: Cambridge University Press. Hung-Yi, Wu. Constructing a strategy map for banking institutions with key performance indicators of the balanced scorecard, Evaluation and Program Planning, 35(3), 2012, pp. 303-320. Kramar, R. and Syed, J. (2012) Human Resource Management in a Global Context: A Critical Approach. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Machado, C.F. and Davim, J.P. (2013) Human Resource Management and Technological Challenges. US: Springer Science Business Media. Mathis, R.L., Jackson, JH.,Valentine and Meglich, P. (2016) Human Resource Management. 15th edn. US: Cengage Learning. MC, Davidson., N, Timo. and Y, Wang. How much does labour turnover cost? A case study of Australian four-and five-star hotels, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(4), 2010, pp. 451-466. McQuerrey, L. (2012) What Are the Causes of High Labor Turnover Rate? [Online]. Available at: https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/causes-high-labor-turnover-rate-4287.html (Accessed: 3 august 2016). Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W. and Steers, R. M. (2013)Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. USA: Academic press. Muhammad Ehsan, Malik. and Basharat, Naeem. Towards understanding controversy on Herzberg theory of motivation, World Applied Sciences Journal, 24(8), 2013, pp. 1031-1036. Powell, J. (2012) Top 5 Reasons for Employee Turnover. [Online]. Available at: https://www.scontrino-powell.com/2012/top-5-reasons-for-employee-turnover/ (Accessed: 3 august 2016). Snell, S. and Bohlander, G.W. (2010) Principles of human resource management. USA: Cengage Learning. Stredwick, J. (2013) An Introduction to Human Resource Management.UK: Publisher, Routledge.

What New Media Will Look Like in 2023 A Time Travel into the Era When Innovations Clash with Ownership Issues

Introduction: New Media and Its Potential The third millennium has definitely brought many innovations to enjoy, and the Internet has become by far the most valuable of them. However, in the online sphere, a number of ownership issues arises. Because of the seeming availability of the online information, the copyright infringements become highly likely to occur.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on What New Media Will Look Like in 2023: A Time Travel into the Era When Innovations Clash with Ownership Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It can be assumed that in ten years from now, in 2023, only a reasonable legislation concerning the new types of media can help people retain their ownership of specific virtual property. Concerning the Possible Ownership Issues in 2023: A Prospective Look Despite the fact that ten years is enough for the world to change to the point where it becomes hardly recognizable, some issues concerning copyrighted information and ownership will remain in the same spot where they are now, in 2013. However, with the ten-year innovations, these problems can grow greatly. Social networking and the accessible information Because of the growing impossibility to control the content that the users upload in the blogosphere, it is highly likely that in the future, some users will simply copy a specific picture/video and use it further on without the author’s permission (McDowell). Apple and its hardware policy: the wind of change In contrast to the owners and users of blogospheres, hardware producing companies seem to have reinforced their ammunition against â€Å"pirates.† Therefore, it can be considered that in future, such companies as Apple will reduce the instances of ownership rights infringement. Open hardware and the source code: future concerns It is important to keep in mind that the more complicated the security system becomes, the more sophi sticated the hacking tools turn. The existing evidence shows that the â€Å"competence† of online hackers is growing and that the ownership issues are going to be very topical in 2023, especially in the light of the emergence of such sources of copyrighted content as torrents (Kravets).Advertising Looking for critical writing on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Drones/guns: printing in 3-D and the associated problems According to Harouni, 3-D printers have been around for a while, but people learned about them only abut thirty years from when the first concepts of these devices appeared. Therefore, 3-D printers are yet to be improved and marketed as a new facility. However, even at the given stage of development, 3-D printers already pose an ownership dilemma. If these machines can reproduce certain products, the original creators and developers of the products will be left without their legitimate revenues (Harouni). Pros and Cons of the Ownership Issue: By the Power of Copyright As one might have already guessed, the key problem will concern tracing the copying of online information is hardly possible. The case of Instagram: sharing as the key principle On the one hand, in 2023, the internet users might consider the idea of copyright issues on the Internet absurd and enjoy knowledge and information sharing without any concern, as in Instagram. On the other hand, in case of using one’s work of art, the rights of the owner will be infringed (Franzen). It is feared that in 2023, not only Instagram, but also a number of other services will work according to the given principle. In Search for the Solution: The Rule of Thumb in Action Despite the obvious obstacles, there are the ways to make sure that the rightful owners of online content will feel safe about their property in 2023. Stallman and his four freedoms: taking responsibilities Therefore, the key problem of onlin e ownership in 2923 will concern the problem of drawing the line between knowledge sharing and private ownership.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on What New Media Will Look Like in 2023: A Time Travel into the Era When Innovations Clash with Ownership Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, with the help of Stallman’s idea of four freedoms, i.e., starting from the freedom to run the program any way the user wants to the ability to customize the program. Cathedral and bazaar models of agencies When considering the idea of online ownership in 2023, one will have to decide whether the content in question should be related to as the one belonging to the cathedral model, or to the bazaar one. In the latter case, the content should be regarded as free to share all over the Internet; in the former, it is guarded by ownership laws. With such classification, the future of online content will be m ore or less save in 2023. Cookie law: do-not-track policy One can also expect that in 2023, the famous Cookie Law will provide a different perspective on the problem. It is a well-known fact that HTTP cookies are very simple to intercept and even modify as long as the Internet surfers do not use SSL services. Thus, the policy that demands clients’ consent for placing their cookies on a certain website has been developed. A rather clever decision, it will probably help avoid the issue with copyright and privacy rights infringement in 2023. Overcoming the Possible Obstacles: The Controversy Because of the confusion of the ideas of shared information and the private content, the users of the Internet in 2023 might encounter considerable issues with ownership laws (Palmer). It can be assumed that, with the help of a set of strict laws concerning ownership of online content, some of the issues may be resolved.Advertising Looking for critical writing on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion: There Is Still Much to Think over Therefore, the issue of ownership on the Internet will definitely grow more complicated in 2023. With the technological advances, pirating will become insultingly accessible. Providing reasonable regulations concerning the copyright and ownership issues will not suffice – it will be necessary to help people develop conscious approach towards the use of online sources. Works Cited Franzen, C. Instagram Users Are Right to Be Worried, Copyright Experts Say. 2012. Web. Harouni, L. A Primer on 3-D Printing. TED.   2012. Web. Kravets, D. Biggest BitTorrent Downloading Case in U.S. History Targets 23,000 Defendants. 2011. Web. McDowell, G. Richard Stallman at UofC. 2009. Web. Palmer, A. The Art of Asking. TED. 2013. Web. This critical writing on What New Media Will Look Like in 2023: A Time Travel into the Era When Innovations Clash with Ownership Issues was written and submitted by user Jonathan Ortega to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Big Bang essays

Big Bang essays Every since scientists came up with an idea of how the universe started and was created, through the Big Bang, there has always been discussion and questioning on what the universe was, before it was created. Was there nothing because there was no time and no God, or was there something we havent discovered yet. Over the past decades, several scientists have theorized on life before the Big Bang, and have come up with these theories: Brane Theory, String Theory, and Inflation theory/Eternal Inflation. Although these theories tell of how the Big Bang started, it does not really explain the universe before the time before the Big Bang era, and how everything needed to start the Big Bang was placed/formed in that before the universe place. Many theories are a revision of an old theory, such as the case with the Brane theory and the String Theory. The String Theory and the Brane Theory both do not explain how matter got there to create the Big Bang. The String Theory says that the universe consists of tiny loops of strings that can form matter. According to this theory, the Big Bang may be a transition from a previously shrinking universe that has reached it smallest size and has begun to expand again. This may be true, but it does not tell us how these strings came to place and how the shrinking universe got there. The Brane Theory is a modification, where membranes which can create matter float around in a five dimension megaverse, and if they collide, it could start the Big Bang. The Inflation theory and the Eternal Inflation are related, in that the Eternal Inflation explains how the Inflation theory would work. The Inflation theory suggests that in the universe there are Inflation bubbles which give rise to universes, and these bubbles are stretched to create universes. It suggests that this can occur several times within the same universe, therefore creating a never endin ...

Compensation Plan Outline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compensation Plan Outline - Assignment Example Equity awards are more preferred in the bank and are given after several years of deferring compensation. In determining appropriate levels of compensation, the bank management considers several factors including the performance of an individual, the business unit in which they work, and the bank as a whole in a given period; and short term and long term financial and non financial related factors. Before any compensation can be given, the company contracts evaluators who present reports to the management. These evaluation report â€Å"Compensation Plan Outline† helps the company to assess the performance at individual levels especially on issues of compliance to banking standards and in making decisions which do not put the company into avoidable risks. Those employees and shareholder who make critical decisions that save the company from taking unnecessary risks and ensure that the bank does not face penalties due to non compliance to laws, are highly compensated. This there fore encourages bank associates and shareholders to be well informed on appropriate legal banking procedures at bank level and nationally. The bank has put in place various measures to ensure that all compensation is fair and just based on its banking principles. The bank’s management has a separate unit of compensation and benefits committee, and there are also various control points at business level like risk, audit, and compliance checks to ensure any decision made on behalf of the bank is well noted and reported in the context of its compliance. to risk and performance standards accepted nationally and locally at the bank. The presence of these various units in the bank management ensures that there is independence in the functions of each section or committee. This is especially important in determining which compensation consultant is engaged to carry out auditing and evaluation exercises on bank functions and performance. The corporate nature of the bank as it is in major corporations nationally and globally makes evaluation of compensation more diverse in order to incorporate interests of all stakeholders including legislators. In as much as compensation in the bank of America should be in line with what the financial industry has agreed upon, the bank has its own internal measures with which any compensation amount must be adjusted in order to reflect the value the company attaches to performance standards. The bank conducts audit and evaluations at most yearly so as to give stakeholders an opportunity to give ideas on how they expect the bank to compensate its associates, workers and shareholders. These audit and evaluations are based on general set standards at national level by authorities who regulate the financial industry. The bank’s pay for performance philosophy is indeed appropriate and it is in good spirit so that workers who deserve compensation are motivated as their efforts are r ecognized. This makes the bank employees to be disciplined and work under their own supervision taking measures which are appropriate and can earn rewards for themselves and profits for

Main Reasons For Human Cloning Ban Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Main Reasons For Human Cloning Ban - Essay Example Cloning, however, is banned for several reasons. Some of the main reasons for this action are discussed; One of the main reasons to ban cloning is a religious concern. The capabilities achieved by cloning are linked with the powers of God; that is the creation of life as intended and its destruction in some cases. The genetic code is available in its raw form and in 2010 the first synthetic life form Synthia was created (Macrae, 2010). The DNA is successfully decoded and now we have the technology to combine genes to achieve a suitable outcome. These parts can be combined together like a computer program to generate DNA as per our requirements. There are limitless opportunities and possibilities for this new technology. Microorganisms have been made to produce bio-diesel (â€Å"Playing God: What Could Possibly Go Wrong?† 2012). A new field has been created and it is called synthetic biology. There is a major concern about the creation of these synthetic organisms. The field ha s sparked new debate about their creation and control. They are thought to be dangerous and the outcome is not always as per our requirement. ... Human Cloning is simply argued to be against human dignity. However, the biggest concern is the safety of any cloned human. They are expected to be medically unsafe and the field is untested. Furthermore, as per studies cloning in animals yields a very low success rate and most clones die during the process (Johnson & Williams, 2006, p.17). Another issue is with the identity of two genetically similar humans. If one of them dies this gives an indication from the crude genetic data that the other will also die with almost same reasons. This concern can also be linked with identical twins. These issues are also linked with concerns about social life and the implications of genetic reproduction of similar human beings. Cloning is also used to replace organs and damaged tissues.

The Alamo 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Alamo 1877 - Essay Example The Alamo became a battlefield between the Texan volunteer forces and the Mexican army troops in 1836. Before that in 1835 the Mexican army after taking over the church, changed it into a fort but was defeated by immigrant settlers and natives of Texas. This historical war for independence was fought with exemplary bravery against odds of limited number of soldiers sacrificing their lives, fighting against a powerful Mexican army. William Barett Travis – the leading hero of the war fought a heroic battle against Santa Anna’s powerful Mexican army – made an appeal to his people in one of his letters from the Alamo in 1836 for support. â€Å"I shall never surrender or retreat. Then, I call on you in the name of Liberty, of patriotism, and everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid with all dispatch. ...† proclaiming â€Å"VICTORY OR DEATH† (Page 2 William Barrett Travis Letter from the Alamo, 1836). As no support reached at the site of battle, Santa Anna’s army attacked resulting in the death of the saviors of the Alamo. This historic fight took place on February 20, 1835. About 150 Texas fighters, under the command of William B. Travis got ready to save San Antonio fort – the Alamo – opposing Mexican General Santa Anna’s largely over-competitive army. Background: Since 1835, the Texans had been on a winning spree. Most of the Mexican army had left with the elimination of their garrison. As most of the volunteers of the war had returned back home thinking that war was over, the fight on the Alamo was still not over. There was lack of unity in the provisional government; as a result no fast supplies could be rushed to the Alamo. In this context, the message of the letter written by William B. Travis was important. There were only 100 fighters in January under the command of James C. Neil; about twenty five volunteers led by James Bowie joined later. William B. Travis reached the Alamo on February 3

Dell SWOT Analysis and Dell Porters Five Forces Analysis

Dell SWOT Analysis and Dell Porters Five Forces Analysis The intensity of Dells competitiveness and captivation can be effectively determined using Porters five forces analysis. This analysis was developed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard University during 1979. Porters five forces can be used to develop strategies to reach the objective and to sustain in the market. Rivalry among competitors is high for Dell. Its major rivals are Apple Computer, Compaq, IBM, Gateway, Hewlett-Packard, Silicon Graphics and Micron Electronics. Price war always exists between the competitors. There is low differentiation and high concentration in the market. Due more competition the profitability is low. Dell tackles its rivals by lowering the prices of its products, improving quality, improved features for customization of its products by the users, wide range of varieties and offers, quicker manufacturing and shipment, extending service and increasing advertising. Potential threat of new entrants The threat of new entrant is moderate for Dell. Dell has a powerful branding strategy, so brand name will be a enter barrier for new entrants. There is no legal or government barrier for this sector. The capital investment is low for new entrants and decreasing profitability indicated that Dell has potential treat for new entrant. Threat of substitutes Dell has low threat of substitutes since there is always a demand for technology products in the society. The only threat for Dell is apple computers, however high cost and lack of software support prevent people from switching to Apples products. Dell provides products for lower cost at great quality which makes to sustain the treat for substitutes. Bargaining power of Consumers The bargaining power of buyer is high for Dell. The consumers are highly price sensitive. Reliability and customer services become the most important factors for Dell. The products from Dell are always priced at a low cost. Quality and reliability of the products from Dell is always outstanding. Dell also provides a world class customer service. Bargaining power of the supplier The bargaining power of supplier is high for Dell. As Dell follows Just-in time manufacturing it has large number for supplier for various products. Dells two dominant suppliers Microsoft and Intel which are monopolised, these two supply major inputs for Dells products. The Switching cost of supplier is also high for Dell. SWOT Analysis of Dell SWOT Analysis is a strategic method which highlights and used to evaluate the Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats of a company. The SWOT analysis for Dell is evaluated below Strengths: Dell has a strong branding and positioning strategy. Dell tries to constantly update its product and services with latest technology. Many of the Dells strength evolved from its direct model. The low price, lean operation, direct marketing model, product Customization by user, product diversification, reliable support, excellent customer service and efficient utilization of e-commerce are major strengths of Dell. Weakness: Dells weakness lies within its strategy, due to its Just-in time manufacturing it has to completely depend on its suppliers. Dell lacks in attracting the student community, so it loses the advantage of utilising the education market. Dell does not have any proprietary technology like Apple. The technology used by Dell is shared by its major competitors. Opportunities: With well established e-commerce model Dell is able to reach any niche market in any part of the world and sell its products directly to the customer. Dell tends to diversify and extends its products constantly which create lot of opportunities. Dell also makes partnership with its suppliers which further enhance its inventory and product diversification. Threats: The bargaining power of suppliers and buyers are so high for Dell. The major competitors give tough fight for Dell in the market. The technology advances in a quick pace which make the products obsolete is a quick span of time. Branding and low-cost strategy should be intensified to sustain. Challenges faced by Dells E-Marketing The e-marketing of Dell faces a huge challenge. The E-Marketing has a major disadvantage when compared to traditional marketing, such as, the inability of the user to touch, see and try the product before they purchase. However Dell has some offers to the buyer like One year free service and videos which explains features of the products. E-Marketing strategy should be able to overcome this drawback. The number of online shoppers is increasing day by day. Due to global reach and effective communication, e-commerce and e-marketing becoming more popular. The first major challenge is to reach and attract the user to the Dell website through effective e-marketing, for this e-marketer need to attract online users to view what offer they have for the user. When the number people view the offer is more, there is possibility to increase sales. The advertisements must my creative and attractive to seek the attention of the user. The next big challenge is to make the website user to buy the product, as just the user visits to the website is just the first step; it does not count to the profitability of the company. Dell has to make sure those products and offers are really convincing to the user. The user should be notified and updated regarding the offers, products and services constantly. The online users usually have a short attention span so Dell e-marketing should not overload the user with lot of information about the product. The sales pitch should be short and attractive. Cluttered and too much information will make the customer to feel hard. Straight to the point approach is to be followed to tackle this challenge. The technology and trend are evolving in a rapid pace, so Dells e-marketers should be aware and keep up with latest technology and trend. Dell has a strong brand; to make the effective e-marketing more effective branding strategy should be adequately managed. In E-Market Dell faces a strong competition from its major rivals, to sustain in the market Dell has to effectively advertise its low cost, offers, product differentiation and unique features. The content in advertisement should be creative and accurate. The e-marketing communication must also to be made more effective to reach the target customers. Above all this the e-marketing system should be managed well, perfectly updated and with proper marketing promotions.

An Inspector Calls Essay -- English Literature

An Inspector calls The inspector has many functions in 'an inspector calls', the inspector is the centre point of the play, and the main events of the play rotate around him. He controls the entrances and exits of the play. He also has a grip on the topic of conversation, and is not afraid to anything and has the confidence to interrupt to re-tighten his grip on the conversation. The inspector also develops the topic of conversation from person to person in a methodical fashion. The inspector controls the development of events, who will speak and when they will speak, who will leave and who won't leave, who sees the picture of Eva smith and who won't. Even when Priestley describes him, when he first appears on stage, he is described in the terms of 'massiveness, solidity ad purposefulness', significantly showing that he is unstoppable, and plays a great part in the play. He has a 'habit of looking hard at the person he addresses before speaking' gives the audience an impression of how he gets down into the truth. His role in the play isn't the role of a conventional inspector, which is to confront each character with the truth, but he wants the Birling family to morally condemn what they have done. He works in a methodical, chronological order, moving from the start to end, of eva smiths journey through life involving the Birling family, from character to character, this is because he acknowledges 'otherwise there is a muddle' and if the character are given the chance, to be confronted by the truth they will try and defend themselves, and get themselves out of that situation, in order not to accept the truth. The inspector has arrived just after Mr.Birling has been discussing his views on life, co... ... intimidating line from a lower social status inspector to a higher classed business man. The inspector doesn't 'have much time' to procrastinate questions, so he will just cut in and ask them. This helps the inspector to get through every person in a methodical logical order; hence the plot can be developed. From the following you can draw the conclusion that the inspector plays a massive role in the inspector calls, from a dramatic instrument to have narrative functions, and acting as a vehicle to convey Priestley's socialist views. If the inspector wasn't in the play, the play wouldn't work; life would be difficult for Priestley to put across his views. The essential elements of the play to make it interesting are lost if the inspector wasn't there, so he is very essential, and is one of the most important characters of the play 'an inspector calls'.

How useful are urban models to the modern geographer and urban planners?

An urban model is a simplification of a real city. They are used to help us understand more about real cities by showing patterns or processes which in real life may be complex and difficult to identify. They are applicable to a large number of cities rather than one particular city. They are based on the idea that there are similarities between cities. Geographers use these models to try and identify and explain urban spatial patterns and variations in their structure. Where as urban planners use the models to deal with real life situations such as deciding where to place a new motorway or deciding where to build a new business park. The first urban model to be produced was by Burgess in 1924 he attempted to explain the outward expansion of the city (Chicago) and the socioeconomic groupings of it inhabitants. He did this by splitting the city into five concentric zones: the central business district, transition zone, low class housing, medium class housing and high class housing. He devised these zones by the theory that individual compete with each other for the most favourable locations within the city. This competition was founded on the market for buildings and land: those who can afford the highest prices will get the best and most favourable land. This model could be useful to modern geographers as it could be used as a good starting point to look at the spatial variations of sections/zones within a town. It could also help to explain why people live where they do and why they live in certain groups. This model could be useful to modern urban planners as it could be used to describe the existing patterns of land use or city morphology and be compared to that of the modern morphology of a city in deciding where to place a certain building etc. due to the density of inhabitants in a certain area. It could also be used to measure land values and density within a city. Hoyt was the second producer of an urban model in 1939. He adapted on the same implicit assumptions that burgess had made but with adaptations. Hoyt's model was based on the mapping of eight housing variables for 142 cities in the USA. He tried to account for changes in, and the distribution of residential patterns. He had the addition of three new factors on the burgess model. He suggested that areas of the highest rent tended to be alongside main lines of communication and that the city grew in a series of wedges. He also said that once an area had developed a land use that it would remain that use as the city extended outwards. This model could be useful to modern geographers as it is a better adaptation of the burgess model. Meaning that extra factors have been taken into consideration such as the wealth and similar land uses. This could be more helpful as it makes more judgements on where and why variations will happen. Such as wealthy people can afford the highest rates so will have the best position and afford to buy cars so will live further from he Central business district. This model could be useful to modern urban planners as it is a better adaptation of the burgees model with extra factors taken into consideration. This could be helpful to a planner as it talks about land value and how similar land uses attract other similar land uses. This is helpful as a planner can locate where certain industries are and where to situate them. Also to know where the wealthy people are will help to know what services and transport routes are best targeted towards them Mann was the third producer of an urban model in 1965. He tried to adapt the Burgess and Hoyt models to three industrial towns in northern England. He made a compromise model that combined ideas of burgess concentric zone model with that of Hoyt's sectors model. He assumed that because of prevailing winds in northern Britain blow from the west, that the high class housing would be in the west and industry with its smoke, would be locate to the east of the central business district. This model could be useful to modern geographers as it combines the two theories of Hoyt and burgees resulting in a more complex and relevant model. It could be useful to see if industry does affect the position and distance of certain types of economic wealth. This model could be useful to modern urban planners as it combines the theories of Hoyt and burgees producing a more complex and applicable model. It could be useful in the location of industry and the construction of houses for different socio economic inhabitants. Ullman and Harris were the fourth producers of an urban model in 1945. They set out to produce a realistic model compared to those of Burgess and Hoyt but consequently they ended up with one that was more complex and this meant that the model was more descriptive then predictive. They said that a multiple nuclei needed to be developed as a response to the need for maximum accessibility to a centre, to keep certain types of land use apart and to show differences of land values, This model could be useful to modern geographers as it is more realistic to the modern world with its complexity. It could be useful to see if a town/city does actually follow the model with several nuclei. It also help to explain the inhabitants that commute to the central business district and see if they add to its density and population. This model could be useful to modern urban planners as it could help to locate bus routes and roads that were needed for the commuters and people who travel to work from the multiple nuclei. It could also help in the planning and placing of new houses for the people leaving the city to commute to work. In conclusion I think that urban models are very useful to modern geographers and planner's .I think that models are a good starting point for analysing the morphology of modern cities. These models were produced in the past so it is obvious that changes will have taken place such as technology, fashions and transport. This does not mean that the models cannot be of use. The principles can still remain with a little adaptation to the real modern world.

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Schizophrenia displayed in A Beautiful Mind essays

Schizophrenia displayed in A Beautiful Mind essays I chose the movie A Beautiful Mind starring Russell Crowe. A Beautiful Mind is based on the life of John Forbes Nash Jr., who was a mathematical genius who made a great discovery while attending Princeton. Nash is then sidetracked by many problems, but fights back and eventually prevails in the end. The movie leads the viewer on to believe that Nashs visions are real. Later we discover that Nash is diagnosed as a schizophrenic or paranoid schizophrenic. Schizophrenia is explained in the textbook on pages 491-498. The textbook defines schizophrenia as a psychotic disorder in which the patients affect, behavior, and thoughts are profoundly altered. There are usually two groups of schizophrenia, positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms include an excess or distortion of normal functions, such as a hallucination. They include delusions of grandeur, persecution, reference, and control. The other type, negative is a diminution or loss of normal functions such as a restriction in speech. There are also four types of schizophrenia which are paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, and undifferentiated. According to the textbook, schizophrenia occurs in about 1 in 100 people worldwide. The cause of schizophrenia is due to a number of contributing factors. Genetics is one factor in the development of schizophrenia. Another factor is abnormalities in the brain. People with schizophrenia tend to have enlarged ventricles, which le aves less space for other parts of the brain. It cuts down on the size of the frontal cortex, which plays a huge role in abstract thinking and planning. Causes of abnormalities in the brain can happen during fetal development. Complications could be maternal malnourishment during pregnancy, maternal illness, or improper prenatal care. In a study on a group of Finnish people with schizophrenia, researchers discovered that children that developed schizophrenia did not do worse academica...

Specific Dimension of Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Specific Dimension of Language - Essay Example It is the aim of the current discourse to compare and contrast samples of newspaper articles from that which was written in the 1920s, as to one which was written in contemporary times (2012). The points of comparison would be on characteristics of style and approach of the paper. Based on the comparison, the current essay would hereby address the following concerns, to wit: (1) how are journalistic standards declining, improving, or otherwise changing? The newspaper to the used as a source of the articles and the format of journalistic presentation is The New York Times. Cover Page, The New York Times, Monday, October 28, 1929 From the cover page of The New York Times of the issue dated October 28, 1929 (shown on the next page), it could be viewed that the presentation and outlay of articles are straightforward news reporting with all contents in text and in black font. Only the sizes of the fonts are being differentiated to emphasize headings and sub-headings. One of the featured a rticles entitled â€Å"Stock Prices Slump $14,000,000,000 in Nation-Wide Stampede to Unload; Bankers to Support Market Today† (The New York Times 1) share the same focal point and importance as with the other featured articles in the cover page. Source: The New York Times, 1929 Source: Yardley & Harris, 2012 The message content of this particular article was very comprehensive containing 2,006 words and presented equitably in eight sub-headings. The reporting style was highly structured, formal, and professional. This was corroborated by the statements written by Broersma (n.d.), who averred that â€Å"in the United States, objectivity was firmly established as a leading norm in the 1920s. Journalism affiliated itself with the rising public demand for facts as a basis for rational choices and actions† (p. xvii). As such, one would observe that the target audience for the information contained in newspapers, such as The New York Times in the 1920s were businessmen and p rofessionals who need to keep track of their stock investments or of the status of the economy and current issues pervading the political sphere. Cover Page, The New York Times, August 1, 2012 The cover page of The New York Times in contemporary period, particularly the front page for the issue dated August 1, 2012 reveals that the focus of the publication is the news feature entitled â€Å"2nd Day of Power Failures Cripples Wide Swath of India† written by Yardley & Harris (2012). It was likewise extensively written containing 1,278 words. As an article featured in the front page, it was accompanied by three (3) photos: the first one shows â€Å"passengers waited for electricity to be restored at a railway station in New Delhi on Tuesday† (Yardley and Harris); the second photo showed people in trains; and the third photo was a barber trying desparately to continue working by candlelight in Kolkata (Yardley and Harris). The style of writing manifested conformity to the use of rhetorical appeals and is significantly assisted by technological applications such as visual presentations (photos, charts, or graphs), greater options to use different fonts and sizes, colors, and even advertisements, as required. Broersma (n.d.) emphasized that in contemporary journalism, â€Å"while the content of an article is unique and incidental, its form is more universal and refers to broader cultural discourses, and accepted and widely-used news conventions and routines. The content of news items is bound to their national context, while forms and styles tend to travel internationally†

Major Depression Disorder Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Major Depression Disorder - Case Study Example The negative effects of MDD are often manifested in the patient’s inability to function normally in a personal and social capacity. Given her other pre-existing conditions, many of the symptoms are enhanced and result in a series of clinical manifestations discussed herein.Mrs. X’s subjective manifestation was initially evident when she has begun to shun speech and the company of others, she spends a lot of time by herself and the few time she speaks she is cynical and very pessimistic. When the social worker asked her if she wanted to go to talk to a doctor, she said he would only try to poison her again and refused anything to do with hospitals. She also contemplated suicide a lot and she would sometimes be heard muttering that God should not take away her health and her ability to â€Å"escape it all†. Her language was generally soft spoken but she displayed some latency in speech, tending to speak slowly and hesitantly and sometimes seeming to lose her stream of thought and wondering of the course of the conversation. On admission, her MMSE (mini mental examination) score was 25/30, he thought the content was low in tempo and the logical coherence was at times challenging. However, after she had undergone medication and two courses of ECT, her speech improved becoming more engaging and she was able to come up with more constructive and logical thought; in the short run, ECT tends to produce more immediate results than antidepressants, however, it negatively affected her short term memory albeit temporally.

Using technology within and across social encounters Essay

Using technology within and across social encounters - Essay Example Just like any other aspects of communication, mobile SMS is an evolving feature of the mobile phone technology where there is development of the wireless application protocol which is an open standard to all and it uses wireless communication. This creates the links between internets and it makes it possible to exchange text messages between internet applications and the mobile phones. Various mobile phones have also incorporated the use of the bleu tooth making it easier to interchange any electronic files of any kind between proximate mobile communication devices. With all these innovations SMS has still remained the most popular feature of the mobile phones that is frequently used by the mobile phone user but to some greater extent technological affordances have rendered the SMS massing very different from the environment from which the ordinary conversation was developed and used. In the social relation in which the SMS tend to be linked, research shows that SMS is focused on the issues that are specialized and restricted to a specific form of linguistic expression that is evolved in the context of the system affordances that most users have become costumed to. In essence text massages should be taken as a single entity when looking at the approaches from the perspective of their role in the social relationship. The study that is conducted by the Laursen is perhaps the only analysis that to date acknowledges that text messages are exchanged between the users of the technology and that some text massages tend to occasion responses in the form of the reply texts from their recipient even if the text does not make reply conditionally relevant. Text messages are made up of half-duplets units that do not operate the same way as the units of utterances in the communications meaning that SMS users engage in a synchronous communication which is

The content of the newspapers Essay Example for Free

The content of the newspapers Essay The content of the newspapers is not fact about the world, but in a very general sense ideas. Fowler (Roger Folwer Language in the News Routledge 1991 Pg.1) In todays society it would be naà ¯ve to assume that the news we receive is unbiased. It is safe to say the facts are reported if someone is murdered, the story maybe covered in the news, but the placement of the piece, emotive language used, duration or any other factors involved would immediately inform the audience to the merit of the story. In effect dictating to the viewer the version of reality they., the media/government want us, the audience to see. The factors that govern what is reported are news valves and as it is recognised that this code of conduct exists we can, I personally feel, say that the media can, and does, reflect the political agenda or climate. The question of the news being created has been a topic of discussion since the dawn of media studies. There are several different political theories or traditions of thought. The three I have chosen to concentrate on are the liberal, Marxist and pluralist theories. All to some extent see society as maintainable, they agree that the structure of society can be altered not by personal level events but by major structures, such as legalisation and reform. To understand each theory better we must first look at how each theory or idea is applied to our society and in this case the construction of the news, starting first with liberalism. This body of thought was established by the end of the eighteenth-century. Its economic theories favour the development of capitalism, seeing society as a group of rational individuals in pursuit of their self-interest. Direction from the state is not needed, its job is merely to provide external defence and internal order. James Curran wrote: A view of society as a system of class exploitation gave way to a new definition of reality in which different sections of the community were portrayed as being independent, with shared interest in common. The portrayal of labour as the source of wealth was replaced by the portrayal; of profit as the mainspring of the economy. ( Ed. James Curran Mass Communication as a social force, in the media: Context of Study Open University 1997 Pg.51) They believe that talent is rewarded in a society where people are free and equal, the state is merely there to regulate the individuals personal freedom. The mass media is seen as accurate and reliable, run by groups of talented entrepreneurs, it should not be state run, but if necessary, sensibly regulated. Pluralism takes a more simplistic approach it depicts the message of the media as a circuit from society as source to society as audience it doesnt believe news is created it accepts news values exist but hold them as a reflection of current public attitudes. The news is not constructed the media, having no power, being used only to confirm and uphold the preconceived beliefs of society. Sir Nick Lloyd, the then editor of The Daily Express, was interviewed in 1991 by Nina Arnott for a communication studies project entitled Political Bias in the Press, he was reported as saying: You can only get over to your own readers. The Express has four and a half million. Thats only a small percentage of the electorate and if people buy newspapers that reinforce their political view then you wont change much. (Stuart Price Media studies Longman 1996 Pg.374) This mode of thought sees the audience as educated and selective and understands, unlike some effect studies, for example the hypodermic syringe or magic bullet that the audience is not passive and the message not direct, that ideas cannot be simply injected into the consciousness of an audience. The Marxist theory is more complex and can be broken into many subsections. Marxism, unlike liberalism, doesnt support the idea that competition leads society onwards. Marx argued that workers co-operation would lead to a better future. He was concerned with the class system. Those who owned factories or shops, the bourgeoisie were comfortably supported by the labour of others. He wanted a society not controlled by the division between capital and labour. Marxism states that we live in a capitalist society divided into classes broadly speaking, working, middle and ruling classes. The power in society is found in the state, the mass media only exist to uphold the capitalist state in power. The Marxist manipulative model, as its name suggests, believes the news is constructed and in some cases invented to influence public opinion and change society for political gain. The hegemonic model was developed by Antonio Gramsci he believed that the media whether knowingly or not is used to promote beliefs and ideologies of the dominant class in society. The masses, working class, need to believe that the views they are being given support their existing beliefs. The media does create the news and reality is being constructed not to bring about change but to maintain the balance of the governing body. The ruling ideas become the ideas of the whole society to allow capitalism to survive. Chomsky extended the hegemonic model instead of the media reflecting the dominant views of the elite, he thought the media was the elite. A countering view that could destroy the hegemonic model is that technology will and is shaping societys views and beliefs. New technologies are allowing more people not just the elite to promote their ideas via the Internet or cheaper more accessible equipment. If this were the case the elite would no longer own the means of control and capitalism could fold if the masses were no longer spoon fed by the dominant class. The theories of the Frankfurt school are another take on Marxism. They see the news as created and reality as constructed but instead of seeing society as a sponge and the masses merely absorbing the message, it believes there are differing levels of attention. Resistance to the message is found against marginal groups believing the sub-groups such as the young, ethnic minorities or women are less susceptible to the message. Regardless of whether the media constructs the news the effect on the audience will differ. Over the years many theories have been developed and documented to help understand the effect of the message on the audience, these are known as the effects studies. There are two I have chosen to look at in brief, they are the two step flow theory by Katz and Lazarfeld, inoculation theory and the psychodynamic effects study as well as earlier mentioning the hyperdermic syringe or magic bullet theory. The two step flow theory by Lazarfeld Berelson and Gaudet studied the 19 40 US presidential election. It was based on the stimulus-response theory leaning on uses and gratifications. It proved inadequate so Katz and Lazarfeld published a new edition of the model. It highlighted the concept of opinion leaders who pass the message from the media, to the less active members of society. This theory sees the opinion leader as a go between from the elite/media to the opinion leader to the masses. The inoculation theory believes that continued exposure to a specific message can lea to desensitisation. When we are continually bombarded with pictures of starving children in the third world, they do stop existing in an emotive sense and we do, to a degree, become desensitised to the original message. The phychodynamic effect is an extension or modification of the original cause and effect thesis. It recognises the importance of the interpretation by the individual. The effect of the message depends on the internal psychological structure of the individual. The effect studies help us to understand if, and how, manipulated society can be. Even if the news is trying to convey a particular message to maintain balance, effects change or merely agree with existing beliefs, we have to understand that everyone will process the information differently. With this taken into account there is a code of conduct that allows journalists to pick stories on set valves, that will give the clearest message, so no matter how it is processed the end outcome of a piece is constant. The operation of the selection of news is known as news valves. These are ideas or assumptions that form the ideological background to the work of those involved in gathering the news. A number of writers have categorised the valves, none more concisely than Brain Dutton, who concludes that there are twelve main valves. These range from continuity, frequency and unexpectedness to unambiguity and reference to elite nations. They help to define whether a story is newsworthy; it would be if it had one or more of these elements. A story may have some or most of the news valves yet still not be newsworthy. Philip Jones- Griffiths a journalist during the Vietnamese conflict was interviewed by the photographic magazine 10/8 for a piece entitled Vietnam after the apocalypse No. 5/6 Spring 1981. He remarked: If I had gone back to Saigon and into one of the agencies and had said, Ive got a story about Americans killing Vietnamese civilians, they would have said, So whats new? it was horrible, but certainly not exceptional, and it just wasnt news. (Stuart P rice Media Studies Longman 1996 Pg.207) This statement clarifies and answers the question, in my opinion; yes the news is constructed. It is hard to pick just one political stance as I agree to some extent with all of them. The manipulation model and Marxist theory is closest to my view but it does not take into account the viewers understanding of the media. I feel, as I am aware there is a selection process to what is shown and an unbiased view cannot exist, as a viewer I am less susceptible to the message than others may be. I think we should question what we are told and consider carefully who will benefit. The more man evolves the quicker we are to manipulate the views of others for political, monetary or consumer gain. It has become such an art that we tend not to see it is happening. We should be vigilant and make sure that the control does not lie prominently in the hands of a few elite. The immense power of the media especially the news should be carefully welded. As long as we understand the greater implications and see there may be a hidden agenda or something more manipulative afoot. The London Correspondent for CNN, Richard Blystone once said: If you go to TV for your only news, then youre lazy. If you go to TV for the truth, then youre a loony. (Stuart Price Media Studies Longman 1996 Pg.78) BIBLOGRAPHY Ed. James Curran Mass Communication as a social force in history: in the Media Context of Study (Open University 1997) Stuart Price Media Studies (Longman, 1996) J. Hartley Understanding News (Methuen, 1982) Roger Folwer Language in the News *Routledge 1991) S. Hall The Manufacturing of News (Owen and Young, 1981)

Free Oedipus the King Essays: The Worst Enemy of Oedipus :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

The Worst Enemy in Oedipus the King In the Greek tragety Oedipus the King Tiresias speaks the truth when he tells Oedipus, "you are your own worst enemy." He is too determined to find out who he is, that shouldn't be so important to himself. He also, is too proud to listen to the gods. He thinks he can get out of following through on his fate. So, it is he that dooms himself. First of all, Oedipus is determined to discover who he is. He can not accept things as they are and by stubbornly investigating his past, he is his own worst enemy by destroying his relationships and himself. When he was a young man he heard gossip that his father was not his real birth father. He was bothered to learn the truth from the oracle. He truly believed that his adopted parents were his real parents so he moved to Thebes so he wouldn't fulfill the oracle. When he finally realized that he killed a man that was old enough to be his father, he considered the fact that it could have been his father that he killed. That means that he married his mother. Oedipus drives his mother to kill herself. "Storm, then, let it burst! Born from nothing though I be proved, let me find that nothing out...My fealty to that family makes me move true to myself. My family I shall prove" (Oedipus page 60). Oedipus was a very proud man. I believe that his pride was his biggest character flaw and because of his pride, the conclusion of the play was tragic. He feels that he has to take responsibility for his actions even though he had no control over them. He doesn't want to live anymore because he married his mother and killed his father and so the oracle had come true. "Lost! Ah lost! At last it's blazing clear. Light of my days, go dark. I want to gaze no more. My birth all sprung revealed from those it never should, myself entwined with those I never could. And I the killer of those I never would." (Oedipus page 67). Oedipus did not listen to the Gods. His circumstances determined his fate, but could have been broken if he had not killed anyone, researched his parents before leaving Corinth, or not been so anxious to punish himself or find the murderer.

Table Tennis

Table Tennis Table tennis, also known as  ping-pong, is a  sport  in which two or four players hit a lightweight, hollow ball back and forth using  table tennis rackets. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, players must allow a ball played toward them only one bounce on their side of the table and must return it so that it bounces on the opposite side. Points are scored when a player fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast and demands quick reactions.A skilled player can impart several varieties of  spinto the ball, altering its trajectory and limiting an opponent's options to great advantage. Table tennis is governed by the worldwide organization  International Table Tennis Federation  (ITTF), founded in 1926. ITTF currently includes 217 member associations. The table tennis official rules are specified in the ITTF handbook. Since 1988, table tennis has been an  Olympic sport  with several event catego ries. In particular, from 1988 until 2004, these were: men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles and women's doubles.Since 2008 a team event has been played instead of the doubles. In 2007, the governance for  table tennis for persons with a disability  was transferred from the  International Paralympic Committee  to the ITTF. History The game originated as a sport in England during the 1880s, where it was played among the upper-class as an after-dinner parlour game. It has been suggested that the game was first developed by British military officers in India or South Africa who brought it back with them.A row of books were stood up along the center of the table as a net, two more books served as rackets and were used to continuously hit a golf-ball from one end of the table to the other. Alternatively table tennis was played with paddles made of cigar box lids and balls made of champagne corks. The popularity of the game led game manufacturers to sell the equipment comm ercially. Early rackets were often pieces of parchment stretched upon a frame, and the sound generated in play gave the game its first nicknames of â€Å"wiff-waff† and â€Å"ping-pong†.A number of sources indicate that the game was first brought to the attention of Hamley's of Regent Street under the name â€Å"Gossima†. The name â€Å"ping-pong† was in wide use before British manufacturer J. Jaques & Son Ltd trademarked it in 1901. The name â€Å"ping-pong† then came to be used for the game played by the rather expensive Jaques's equipment, with other manufacturers calling it table tennis. A similar situation arose in the United States, where Jaques sold the rights to the â€Å"ping-pong† name to Parker Brothers.The next major innovation was by James W Gibb, a British enthusiast of table tennis, who discovered novelty celluloid balls on a trip to the US in 1901 and found them to be ideal for the game. This was followed by E. C. Goode who, in 1901, invented the modern version of the racket by fixing a sheet of pimpled, or stippled, rubber to the wooden blade. Table tennis was growing in popularity by 1901 to the extent that table tennis tournaments were being organized, books on table tennis were being written,[8] and an unofficial world championship was held in 1902.During the early 1900s, the game was banned in Russia because the rulers at the time believed that playing the game had an adverse effect on players' eyesight. In 1921, the Table Tennis Association was founded in Britain, and the International Table Tennis Federation followed in 1926. [5][10] London hosted the first official World Championships in 1926. In 1933, the United States Table Tennis Association, now called USA Table Tennis, was formed. In the 1950s, rackets that used a rubber sheet combined with an underlying sponge layer changed the game dramatically, introducing greater spin and speed.These were introduced to Britain by sports goods manufactur er S. W. Hancock Ltd. The use of speed glue increased the spin and speed even further, resulting in changes to the equipment to â€Å"slow the game down†. Table tennis was introduced as an Olympic sport at the Olympics in 1988. After the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the International Table Tennis Federation instituted several rules changes aimed at making table tennis more viable as a televised spectator sport. First, the older 38 mm balls were officially replaced by 40 mm balls in 2000.This increased the ball's air resistance and effectively slowed down the game. By that time, players had begun increasing the thickness of the fast sponge layer on their rackets, which made the game excessively fast and difficult to watch on television. Second, the ITTF changed from a 21-point to an 11-point scoring system in 2001. This was intended to make games more fast-paced and exciting. The ITTF also changed the rules on service to prevent a player from hiding the ball during service, in order to increase the average length of rallies and to reduce the server's advantage.Variants of the sport have recently emerged. â€Å"Large-ball† table tennis uses a 44 mm ball, which slows down the game significantly. This has seen some acceptance by players who have a hard time with the extreme spins and speeds of the 40 mm game. There is a move towards reviving the table tennis game that existed prior to the introduction of sponge rubber. â€Å"Hardbat† table tennis players reject the speed and spin of reversed sponge rubber, preferring the 1940–60s play style with no sponge and short-pimpled rubber. Defense is less difficult by decreasing the speed and eliminating any meaningful magnus effect of spin.Because hardbat killer shots are almost impossible to hit against a skilled player, hardbat matches focus on the strategic side of table tennis, requiring skillful maneuvering of the opponent before an attack can become successful. Equipment’s Ball The international rules specify that the game is played with a light 2. 7 gram, 40 mm diameter ball. [16] The rules say that the ball shall bounce up 24–26 cm when dropped from a height of 30. 5 cm on to a standard steel block thereby having a coefficient of restitution of 0. 89 to 0. 92. The 40 mm ball was introduced after the 2000 Olympic Games.However, this created some controversy as the Chinese National Team argued that this was merely to give non-Chinese players a better chance of winning since the new type of balls has a slower speed, while at that time most Chinese players were playing with fast attack and smashes. A 40 mm table tennis ball is slower and spins less than the original 38 mm (1. 5 inch) one. The ball is made of a high-bouncing air-filled celluloid or similar plastics material, colored white or orange, with a matte finish. The choice of ball color is made according to the table color and its surroundings.For example, a white ball is easier to see on a gre en or blue table than it is on a gray table. Stars on the ball indicate the quality of the ball. Three stars indicate that it is of the highest quality, and is used in official competition. Table The table is 2. 74 m (9 ft) long, 1. 52 m (5 ft) wide, and 76 cm (30 inch) high with a Masonite (a type of hardboard) or similarly manufactured timber, layered with a smooth, low-friction coating. The table or playing surface is divided into two halves by a 15. 25 cm (6 inch) high net.An ITTF approved table surface must be in a green or blue color. Concrete tables with a steel net are sometimes available in public parks. Racket Players are equipped with a laminated wooden racket covered with rubber on one or two sides depending on the grip of the player. The official ITTF term is â€Å"racket†, though â€Å"bat† is common in Britain, and â€Å"paddle† in the U. S. The wooden portion of the racket, often referred to as the â€Å"blade†, commonly features anywhere between one and seven plies of wood, though cork, glass fiber, carbon fiber, aluminum fiber, and Kevlar are sometimes used.According to the ITTF regulations, at least 85% of the blade by thickness shall be of natural wood. Common wood types include Balsa, Limba, and Cypress or â€Å"Hinoki,† which is popular in Japan. The average size of the blade is about 6. 5 inches (16. 5 cm) long and 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Although the official restrictions only focus on the flatness and rigidness of the blade itself, these dimensions are optimal for most play styles. Table tennis regulations allow different surfaces on each side of the racket.Various types of surfaces provide various levels of spin or speed, and in some cases they nullify spin. For example, a player may have a rubber that provides much spin on one side of his racket, and one that provides no spin on the other. By flipping the racket in play, different types of returns are possible. To help a player distinguish between th e rubber used by his opposing player, international rules specify that one side must be red while the other side must be black. The player has the right to inspect his opponent's racket before a match to see the type of rubber used and what color it is.Despite high speed play and rapid exchanges, a player can see clearly what side of the racket was used to hit the ball. Current rules state that, unless damaged in play, the racket cannot be exchanged for another racket at any time during a match. Rules Starting a game According to ITTF rule 2. 13. 1, the first service is decided by lot, normally a coin toss. It is also common for one player (or the umpire/scorer) to hide the ball in one or the other hand (usually hidden under the table), allowing the other player to guess which hand the ball is in.The correct or incorrect guess gives the â€Å"winner† the option to choose to serve, receive, or to choose which side of the table to use. (A common but non-sanctioned method is for the players to play the ball back and forth four times and then play out the point. This is commonly referred to as â€Å"play to serve† or â€Å"rally to serve†. ) Service and return In game play, the player serving the ball commences a play. The server first stands with the ball held on the open palm of the hand not carrying the racket, called the freehand, and tosses the ball directly upward without spin, at least 16 centimeters (approximately 6 inches) high.The server strikes the ball with the racket on the ball's descent so that it touches first his court and then touches directly the receiver's court without touching the net assembly. In casual games, many players do not toss the ball upward; however, this is technically illegal and can give the serving player an unfair advantage. The ball must remain behind the endline and above the upper surface of the table, known as the playing surface, at all times during the service. The server cannot use his body or cloth ing to obstruct sight of the ball; the opponent and the umpire must have a clear view of the ball at all times.If the umpire is doubtful of the legality of a service they may first interrupt play and give a warning to the server. If the serve is a clear failure or is doubted again by the umpire after the warning, receiver scores a point. If the service is â€Å"good†, then the receiver must make a â€Å"good† return by hitting the ball back before it bounces a second time on receiver's side of the table so that the ball passes the net and touches the opponent's court, either directly or after touching the net assembly.Thereafter, the server and receiver must alternately make a return until the rally is over. Returning the serve is one of the most difficult parts of the game, as the server's first move is often the least predictable and thus most advantageous shot due to the numerous spin and speed choices at his or her disposal. Let A let is a rally of which the result is not scored, and is called in the following circumstances: The ball touches the net in service, provided the service is otherwise correct or the ball is obstructed by the player on the receiving side.Obstruction means a player touches the ball when it is above or traveling towards the playing surface, not having touched the player's court since last being struck by the player. When the player on the receiving side is not ready and the service is delivered. Player's failure to make a service or a return or to comply with the Laws is due to a disturbance outside the control of the player. Play is interrupted by the umpire or assistant umpire. When time is an issue, some competitions only count a let if a player has over 10 points. If they have less, it counts as a fair shot. This can significantly increase the pace of game.Scoring A point is scored by the player for any of several results of the rally: Opponent fails to make a correct service or return. After making a service or a return, the ball touches anything other than the net assembly before being struck by the opponent. The ball passes over the player's court or beyond his end line without touching his court, after being struck by the opponent. The opponent obstructs the ball. The opponent strikes the ball twice successively. Note that the hand that is holding the racket counts as part of the racket and that making a good return off one's hand or fingers is allowed.It is not a fault if the ball accidentally hits one's hand or fingers and then subsequently hits the racket. The opponent strikes the ball with a side of the racket blade whose surface is not covered with rubber. The opponent moves the playing surface or touches the net assembly. The opponent's free hand touches the playing surface. As a receiver under the expedite system, completing 13 returns in a rally. The opponent has been warned by umpire commits a second offense in the same individual match or team match.If the third offence happens, 2 points will be given to the player. If the individual match or the team match has not ended, any unused penalty points can be transferred to the next game of that match. A game shall be won by the player first scoring 11 points unless both players score 10 points, when the game shall be won by the first player subsequently gaining a lead of 2 points. A match shall consist of the best of any odd number of games. In competition play, matches are typically best of five or seven games. Alternation of services and endsService alternates between opponents every two points (regardless of winner of the rally) until the end of the game, unless both players score 10 points or the expedite system is operated, when the sequences of serving and receiving stay the same but each player serves for only 1 point in turn. Player serving first in a game shall receive first in the next game of the match. After each game, players switch sides of the table. In the last possible game of a match, for exa mple the seventh game in a best of seven matches, players change ends when the first player scores 5 points, regardless of whose turn it is to serve.If the sequence of serving and receiving is out of turn or the ends is not changed, points scored in the wrong situation are still calculated and the game shall be resumed with the order at the score that has been reached. Doubles game Service zone in doubles game In addition to games between individual players, pairs may also play table tennis. In doubles, all the rules of single play are applied except for the following. A line painted along the long axis of the table to create doubles courts bisects the table.This line's only purpose is to facilitate the doubles service rule, which is that service, must originate from the right hand â€Å"box† in such a way that the first bounce of the serve bounces once in said right hand box and then must bounce at least once in the opponent side's right hand box (far left box for server), o r the receiving pair score a point. Players must alternate hitting the ball. For example, if A is paired with B, X is paired with Y, A is the server and X is the receiver. The order of play shall be A > X > B > Y. The rally proceeds this way until one side fails to make a legal return and the other side scores.At each change of service, the previous receiver shall become the server and the partner of the previous server shall become the receiver. For example, if the previous order of play is A > X > B > Y, the order becomes X > B > Y > A after the change of service. In each game of a doubles match, the pair having the right to serve first shall choose which of them will do so. The receiving pair, however, can only choose in the first game of the match. When the first server is chosen in the second or the latter games of the match, the first receiver of the game is the player who served to the first server of the game in the preceding game.For example, if the order of play is A > X > B > Y at beginning of the first game, the order begins with X > A > Y > B or Y > B > X > A in the second game depending on either X or Y being chosen as the first server of the game. When a pair reaches 5 points in the final game, the pairs must switch ends of the table and the team that receives the service must switch receiver. For example, when the last order of play before a pair score 5 points in the final game is A > X > B > Y, the order after change shall be A > Y > B > X if A still has the second serve.Otherwise, X is the next server and the order becomes X > A > Y > B. Singles and doubles are both played in international competition, including the Olympic Games since 1988 and the Commonwealth Games since 2002. In 2005, the ITTF announced that doubles table tennis only was featured as a part of team events in the 2008 Olympics. Expedite system If a game is unfinished after 10 minutes' play and fewer than 18 points have been scored, the expedite system is initiated. The umpi re interrupts the game, and the game resumes with players serving for 1 point in turn.If the expedite system is introduced while the ball is not in play, the previous receiver shall serve first. Under the expedite system, the server must win the point before the opponent makes 13 consecutive returns or the point goes to the opponent. The system can also be initiated at any time at the request of both players /or pairs. Once introduced, the expedite system remains in force until the end of the match. A rule to shorten the time of a match, it is mainly seen in defensive players' games.